Standard Animal to Tapilula (10000 BC)

The original dialect of Standard Animal spoken on Rikytamyšydžoššy Beach had 16 consonants, m n ŋ p t k ʔ b d g s h l r w j, and three vowels, a i u. No consonant clusters or final consonants were allowed, although the vowel a could be silent allophonically.

1.   An h before an accented vowel metathesized and created an aspirated consonant at the beginning of the word. Note that voiceless stops were always aspirated, so this shift did not change them.
2.   An ʔ before an accented vowel disappeared, unless the previous syllable began with a voiceless stop, in which case it created a glottalized stop there.
3.   All voiceless stops except the glottalized ones became aspirated.
4.   Aspirated voiced stops became voiceless fricatives. Plain voiced stops became voiced fricatives.
5.   All voiced fricatives merged as ɣ. All voiceless fricatives merged as h.
6.   Aspiration disappeared on approximants, except for wʰ which became f.
7.   Glottalized stops became voiced, except ḳ, which became the voiceless uvular stop q.
8.   The alveolar flap r became the palatal approximant j in all positions.
9.   In initial position or at the beginning of an accented syllable, the consonants mʰ nʰ ŋʰ changed to f s h.
10.   The glottalized stops ṗ ṭ changed to b d unconditionally.

Tapilula to Ukieipi (8600 BC)

Tapilula inherited from Standard Animal the phonology p b m f w t d n s l j k ŋ ɣ h q ʔ a i u, where ʔ represents a glottal stop. All syllables were open and all consonants could occur in all positions. There was a variable stress accent distinguishing three tones (à ā á) on the stressed syllable.

1.   The velar stop k became tš before the vowel i. If another vowel followed, that vowel disappeared.
2.   The uvular stop q became k in all positions.
3.   In word-initial position before another vowel and medially between two other vowels, the bare vowels i u changed to j w.
4.   The voiced stop b changed to d in all positions.
5.   When a velar consonant (k ŋ h ɣ) followed an accented vowel and the following vowel was the same, that following vowel disappeared, leaving a closed syllable. (Initial-stress "diphthongs" metathesized; e.g. ūhi became ūih and āku became āuk.) If the next syllable had begun with a vowel, a b was added there.
6.   The diphthongs ūu and īi changed to ə̄u and ə̄i respectively.
7.   The diphthongs ūi and īu changed to ə̄ unless another vowel followed.
8.   The diphthongs īa ūa became īi and ūu.
9.   Accented syllables gained a uvular r as an onset if a consonant was not already there. If the syllable began with a glottal stop, it changed to sr. Thus, all long vowels now had their stress on the first vowel and thus had a falling tone, and the glottal stop could not begin an accented syllable.
10.   After long vowels, all consonants became voiced. Also, consonants occurring after initial vowels also became voiced. This created the new consonants b v z g dž (the glottal stop disappeared).
11.   A taboo on velar consonants before vowels developed from an earlier collision of certain sounds in some words: in polite or deferential speech, the velar consonants k g h ɣ had shifted to ts dz š ž. In addition, the uvular approximant r was often fronted to a bilabial β and the velar nasal ŋ to a palatal ñ. Since there were no phonemes with these values in other contexts, there was no confusion to be had.
12.   Initial vowels were deleted unless an illegal consonant cluster would have resulted.
13.   The glottal stop disappeared in all positions.
14.   The velar fricatives h ɣ were fronted to f v before u.
15.   The accent was shifted to the first syllable in all words.
16.   Now the politeness taboo became extended to final velars and to consonant clusters, which had up to now always been required to begin with a velar consonant. k became p in syllable-final position except when word-final, in which case it became ts. g became b and dz accordingly. ŋ assimilated in word-medial position and became the glottal nasal ~ word-finally. Meanwhile, the velar fricatives h ɣ shifted to s z in both positions. All of this affected only polite speech.
17.   Alliterative compounds whose first component was monosyllabic came to use the standalone form of the word rather than the connective. Previously there would have been no difference, but now that velar consonants had split into two there was a difference: word-medial ~ became m (from ~β) rather than ñ. Because of the fact that politeness registers now affected compounding processes, yielding a velar connecting consonant in the informal register but a labial or alveolar in the polite register, some word pairs came to have more than one possible mutual compound, and the forms were borrowed between the speech registers. Thus the barriers between the speech registers began to break down.
    
    Thus Ukieipi had the consonants p b f v m w t d s z n l č ǯ j k g h ɣ r and the vowels a i u ə. There was a contrast between high and low tone, but it was only on the first syllable and it was mostly determined by what consonant began the word.

Ukieipi to Tallatas Tšam (4000 BC)

1.   At the beginning of a word or between two vowels, the semivowels w and j shifted to r and l respectively.
2.   The medial clusters pt mt shifted to tt nt. Then pk mk sk became pt mpt št.
3.   (Meanwhile ie ii became ī and ue uu became ū).
4.   aa became ā in all positions.
6.   ei and eu changed to e and o respectively. ai and au became ē and ō.
7.   The consonant ž disappeared after vowels if the resulting vowel sequence (if any) was acceptable. The preceding vowel was then lengthened. But sequences like āu changed back to au, etc. In the words where ž remained, it became j.
8.   Intervocalic b disappeared in all positions except before front vowels, where it became w.
9.   Labialized consonants in initial position were reduced to w.
10.   Palatalized consonants in initial position were reduced to j.
11.   Intervocalic p t k changed to b d g.
12.   a was lengthened in open accented syllables.
13.   Double consonants changed to singles and shortened the preceding vowel.
14.   ə became a short a unconditionally.
15.   f became p in all positions. The consonant system now consisted of p b m w t d n s š j l r k g ŋ and the vowel system of a e i o u ā ē ī ō ū.

Ukieipi to Proto-Pisi (7400 BC)

Ukieipi was the language spoken in the city of Beni-Iubaia (earlier Iūni-Iubāia) around 8000 BC. It had the consonants p b f v m w t d s z n l č ǯ j k g h ɣ r and the vowels a i u ə.

1.   The polite register was adopted as standard for the phonemes k g h ɣ r ŋ: they changed to ts dz š ž β ñ in all positions. However, the allophones of k g before other consonants were p b. This meant that there were no dorsal consonants in the language, although the letters for the old dorsals were still used to spell the new consonants in their non-labial realizations.
2.   Word-final ts dz shifted to t d.
3.   Due to misdivision of words in bisyllabic compounds, t d sometimes shifted to p b in final position. (And sometimes vowel-final words gained t or d.)
4.   The diphthongs əi əu changed to ē ō.
5.   In closed syllables, all long vowels became short.
6.   Word-final p became the glottal stop ʔ, which changed the tone of the preceding vowel to ` regardless of what it had been before.
7.   The voiced stops b d dz ǯ became m n n ñ in all positions. This was not a merger with the old final nasals since the old final nasals were realized as nasalization.
8.   The voiced fricatives β v z ž became β w l ř in all positions.

Pisi to Proto-Wamian (6500 BC)

1.   The palatals č ñ changed to k ŋ unconditionally.

Pisi to Proto-North Camian (6200 BC)

1.   The palatals č ñ changed to k ŋ before back vowels.
2.   β changed to b.
3.   ts changed to t.
4.   f changed to v.

Bābākiam to Palli (4000 BC)

1.   The labialized consonants bʷ žʷ changed to b unconditionally.
2.   The palatalized consonants bʲ žʲ changed to ž unconditionally.
3.   Sequences of two vowels in which the first vowel was i or u became rising diphthongs. Then all clusters of a consonant followed by a semivowel came to be pronounced as coarticulated single consonants. Thus bua became bʷa, bia became bʲa, and so on. ñ was assimilated as nʲ.
4.   The long vowels ī ū became ʲi ʷu in all positions.
5.   Syllable-final schwa became ɣ. ā became aɣ.
6.   Doubled labials became rounded (e.g. pp ---> ppw).
7.   əi shifted to e and əu shifted to o.
8.   In word-internal position, the labials p b f became doubled (and velarized).
9.   In word-final position, or before a non-alveolar consonant, the consonant s shifted to š.
10.   š became ž before a voiced consonant.
11.   The clusters mp mf nt ns nš became mb mp nd nt nč respectively.
12.   Double labials in consecutive syllables became single (e.g. pabappa --> pabapa).
13.   The labial consonants p b f became k ɣ h unconditionally.
14.   The consonants č ž š became k ɣ h unconditionally. (kʲ did not shift because at the time it had come to behave like a cluster.)
15.   The vowel u became o in unstressed syllables unless the stressed vowel of the word was also u.
16.   The vowel i became e in unstressed syllables unless the stressed vowel of the word was also i.
17.   The mid vowels e o became ʲə ʷə in stressed syllables and a simple ə in unstressed syllables.
18.   The diphthongs uj iw both became u.
19.   The labialized consonant mʷ became ɣʷ in initial position and ŋʷ medially.
20.   The labialized consonants tʷ nʷ sʷ became p m f in initial position and kt ɣʷ ks medially.
21.   The labialized consonants kʷ ŋʷ hʷ shifted to p m f in all positions.
22.   The palatalized consonant mʲ became ñ in all positions.
23.   The palatalized consonants tʲ nʲ sʲ became č ñ š in all positions.
24.   The palatalized consonants kʲ ŋʲ hʲ shifted to č ñ š in all positions.
25.   ɣ became l. ɣʷ became lʷ.
26.   The labialized approximant lʷ became ll.
27.   The palatalized consonants kʲ ŋʲ hʲ shifted to č ñ š in all positions.
28.   The sequence wu changed to wi.
29.   New labialized and palatalized consonants began to form in compounds across morpheme boundaries and from vowel contraction in sequences like taya --> tʲa.
30.   Allophonically, the vowels i and u changed to e and o in closed syllables.
31.   The bilabial fricative f changed to w in all positions.
32.   Unaccented ə changed to i unless the accented syllable of the word contained a ə.
33.   Word-initial doubled consonants became single, except ll, which turned into yl.
34.   The velar stop k came to be pronounced as a glottal stop ʔ between vowels; this alternation remained allophonic rather than phonemic throughout the final stages of the language.
    
    The phonology now consisted of the consonants p m t n s l kʲ ŋʲ hʲ k h ŋ kʷ hʷ ŋʷ w j and the vowels a i u ə.

Ukieipi to Iaubiai (7400 BC)

Ukieipi was the language spoken in the city of Beni-Iubaia (earlier Iūni-Iubāia) around 8000 BC. It evolved into a language called Iaubiai within about 1000 years, and then further into Izda Mir by 4000 BC.

1.   In the polite (frontalized) register, word-final ts dz became p b (generalized from compounds in which they became p b due to morphological rules that had arisen in Ukieipi). Thus there were no longer two possible realizations of the phonemes k g at the end of a syllable in the polite register: they were always p b. Likewise, fronted ŋ was generalized as m and h ɣ as s z.
2.   At the end of a syllable, z disappeared and changed the previous vowel to a high tone. It also voiced the following consonant. No new consonants arose from this change, but some voiced ones now became less restricted in their distribution.
3.   The bilabial approximant w changed to v before a vowel.
4.   Then l became w in all positions although it retained a rhotic allophone.
5.   Sequences of two vowels in which the first vowel was i or u became rising diphthongs. Then all clusters of a consonant followed by a semivowel came to be pronounced as coarticulated single consonants. Thus bua became bʷa, bia became bʲa, and so on. ñ was assimilated as nʲ.
6.   The voiced labialized fricatives vʷ zʷ ɣʷ coalesced as w between vowels.
7.   The voiced palatalized fricatives vʲ zʲ ɣʲ coalesced as j between vowels.
8.   The voiced labialized stops bʷ dʷ ǯʷ gʷ changed to b between vowels.
9.   The voiced palatalized stops bʲ dʲ ǯʲ gʲ changed to ǯ between vowels.
10.   The voiced stops b d ǯ g (including ones created by the previous two rules) changed to β ð ž ɣ between vowels.
11.   The voiced fricatives ð z ɣ became silent between vowels and occasionally in initial position (due to compounding).
12.   βʷ changed to w.
13.   žʲ became ž.
    Thus the language now had the consonants p b m f v w β t d n s z ð č ǯ š ž j k g h ɣ r and the vowels a i u ā ī ū e, the last of which was a schwa. Of the consonants, all but w β ð č ǯ š ž j could be palatalized or labialized. In final position, p m s w j could occur, although p m were pronounced as glottals.

Iaubiai to Bābākiam (6400 BC)

1.   The voiced fricative r changed to β.
2.   ʔ changed to p.
3.   The cluster ps changed to ts, thus merging with frontalized k. pš became č.
4.   A nasal in a cluster following p or s disappeared.
5.   The voiced fricatives β v z ž ɣ changed to b b d ǯ g before a high tone.
6.   A voiced sound in a cluster following p or s changed to ɣ.
7.   The clusters pɣ sɣ changed to the ejectives ṕ ś, but this shift did not affect the labialized or palatalized versions.
8.   The velar fricatives h ɣ were fronted to š ž unconditionally. šʲ žʲ became š ž.
9.   The voiced stops bʷ dʷ ǯʷ gʷ changed to b.
10.   The voiced stops bʲ dʲ ǯʲ gʲ changed to ǯ.
11.   The voiced stops b d ǯ g changed to p t č k (except when in clusters).
12.   The voiced fricative ð changed to β. (ð had been revived due to loanwords.)
13.   The voiced fricatives v vʷ zʷ žʷ changed to β.
14.   The voiced fricatives vʲ zʲ žʲ changed to ž.
15.   βʷ changed to w.
16.   žʲ became ž.
17.   Tones were eliminated. However the stress accent (nouns on the penultimate syllable, verbs on the ultimate) remained and became regularized.
18.   The voiced stops d ǯ g changed to n nʲ ɣ unconditionally.
19.   The cluster pb became pp.
20.   β changed to b.
21.   z changed to s.
22.   The ejectives ṕ ś became plain.
23.   The postalveolar affricate č was softened to š unconditionally.
24.   Newly created vowel sequences beginning with i or u collapsed into rising diphthongs, thus creating a new series of palatalized and labialized consonants.
25.   The labialized consonants bʷ žʷ changed to b unconditionally.
26.   The palatalized consonants bʲ žʲ changed to ž unconditionally.
27.   The stress was shifted to the first syllable in all words. Thus the language had the consonants p m f b w t n s k ŋ š ž j and the vowels a i u ə, the last of which was a schwa. Of the consonants, all except b w ž j could be followed by a semivowel w or j, when occurring at the beginning of a syllable. At the end of a syllable, only p m w s j could occur. This stage of the language is referred to as Bābākiam, "city language".

Bābākiam to Ižda Mir (4000 BC)

1.   The long vowels ī ū became ʲi ʷu in all positions.
2.   Between two consonants in a monosyllabic word, the diphthongs au ai eu ei changed to e o e o. But in longer words, or when a consonant cluster was adjacent, a b was inserted and the individual vowels were retained. And in word-final position they remained as diphthongs.
3.   ā changed to aba in all positions.
4.   At the beginning of a syllable and after p m, the semivowels w and j shifted to r and l respectively. At the end of a syllable, no shift took place, but the orthography was changed as if it had.
5.   The voiced postalveolar fricative ž changed to the palatal approximant j in all positions.
6.   The consonant šʲ became ś, a voiceless palatal approximant. fʷ became a voiceless rounded labial approximant.
7.   The velar stops k ŋ changed to the labials p m in final position.
8.   The medial clusters pt mt pn mn shifted to tt nt tn nn. Then pk mk sk pŋ mŋ sŋ became pt mpt št pn mn šn. ms mš became mps mpš.
9.   The cluster sf changed to ff.
10.   The labialized consonants sʷ tʷ nʷ shifted to ps pʷ mʷ in word-initial position, and ps pt bʷ medially.
11.   The new clusters lw rw ww merged as w.
12.   The consonant clusters mʷ mr ml ŋʷ shifted to bʷ br bl gʷ unconditionally.
13.   Meanwhile šʷ changed to pš.
14.   In initial position before a vowel, the voiceless labial fricative f changed to w. This shift did not affect fʲ.
15.   After a labialized consonant (except w), the schwa vowel y changed to u.
16.   Labialized consonants lost their labialization when they occurred before u. (But later they were re-introduced through compounding.)
17.   The sequences ow and uw changed to o and u respectively.
18.   The vowels i and u changed to e and o in closed syllables.
19.   The vowel y in closed syllables changed to either i or u depending on the other vowel in the root. The default choice was u, unless it followed a w. i was chosen only when it followed a w or was in a word in which an i or e was in an adjacent syllable and that was the only other vowel in the word.
20.   The sequences wu wo changed to wi we.
21.   Then, s and p disappeared before nasals and sporadically in stem-final position due to back-formation from plurals (e.g. pe "island" from pena, earlier pes, pesna).
22.   Unaccented i changed to e unless the accented syllable of the word contained an i.
23.   Then unaccented y changed to i unless the syllable ended in a labial or the accented syllable of the word contained a y.
24.   Then unaccented u changed to y except when the syllable ended in a labial or the accented syllable also contained a u.
25.   Before a vowel, unaccented y and yb changed to u.
26.   Before a vowel, unaccented a and ab changed to i ("the karaoke shift").
27.   Next, i changed to y if the next syllable had u.
28.   The palatalized consonants pʲ mʲ sʲ lʲ rʲ, which had been created mostly by rule 21, changed to f v ś j b before a vowel. bʲ also changed to b. šʲ žʲ became ś j.
29.   Simultaneously, syllable-final r in most words changed to b.
30.   The palatal approximants ś j changed to š ž in all positions. fʷ became w.
31.   In words not affected by the previous shift (mostly due to grammatical analogy), syllable-final ar and yr shifted to o and er and ir shifted to u.
32.   In unstressed syllables before a nasal, the sequences el il merged as i and or ur merged as u.
33.   Unstressed ol and ul became e before a consonant or at the end of a word.
34.   i and y shifted to u before a labial in a closed syllable.
35.   ŋ was denasalized to g in all positions.
36.   The palatalized velar consonants kʲ gʲ became the postalveolar affricates tš dž. In some dialects, including the one that produced Pabappa, this shift did not occur before back vowels, and instead the consonants were reduced to plain velars.
37.   The labialized velar consonants kʷ gʷ pʷ bʷ were decomposed to the clusters kw gw pw bw.
38.   Final y in trisyllabic words disappeared. Due to analogy, it disappeared in some shorter words as well.
39.   The remaining palatalized consonants became labiodental fricatives: fʲ and tʲ merged as f, and nʲ changed to v. pf became ff.
40.   Medial vowels in trisyllabic words disappeared if the resulting consonant cluster was acceptable ("the Debra shift").
41.   š before a nasal changed to ž and the nasal changed into a voiced stop. At this time, the new sound d was spelled with the letter v.
42.   The clusters pk and bg became pw and bw respectively. mk became mpw.
43.   The voiced velar stop g was fronted to dž unless it occurred in a cluster after another consonant and before a o u.
44.   The clusters šb and bš were devoiced to šp and pš respectively.
45.   The clusters žp and pž became žb and bž respectively.
46.   The sequence yw changed to u before a vowel.
47.   In wholly unstressed syllables, except when preceded by a, the clusters rl and lr changed to al and ar respectively, and raised the preceding vowel.
48.   A velar-onset syllable preceded by another changed to alveolar if the vowel was a back vowel, but postalveolar if it was a front vowel. The affected consonants were k g kw gw r.
49.   The inherited vowel y had lowered and weakened to a schwa in most positions. Now the diphthong al went to ae (except often before s) and yl to e. ae was pronounced in some dialects as ai or a, with the a pronunciation winning out in all but a few words.
50.   The labiodental fricatives f v came to be pronounced as the dentals ṣ ẓ in all positions, but there was no change in the spelling.

Ižda Mir to Proto-Bloppabop (3000 BC)

1.   There was a merger between the velars k g and the postalveolars tš dž; the velar pronunciation dominated when an o or u was adjacent, and postalveolar elsewhere. The spelling k g came to be used for both.
2.   Diphthongs of all types were resolved in favor of the first vowel.
3.   Stops occurring before a nasal assimilated fully.
4.   The cluster žž simplified to j.
5.   Clusters of two fricatives of differing points of articulation were assimilated in favor of the second consonant.
6.   The cluster žbž simplified to žž.
7.   Clusters of fricatives and stops of dissimilar voicing were resolved in favor of the second consonant. For example žp became šp.
8.   The fricative š changed to h in initial position and s elsewhere.
9.   The fricative ž came to be pronounced z.
10.   The cluster rr was reduced to r.

Proto-Bloppabop to Pabappa (1000 AD)

Pabappa evolved from a dialect of Bloppabop that lacked the vowel ae and the clusters tš dž, having a in place of the former and k g in place of the latter in all words. However, these sounds were pronounced as /tš dž/ before all front vowels, including /a/. Thus the proto-Pabappa dialect of Bloppabop had the consonants p b m w f v t n s l r h z k g and the vowels a e i o u y, the last of which was a schwa. At the beginning of a syllable, all of the consonants as well as the clusters pl pr pw ps pš bl br bw kw gw were allowed. At the end of a syllable, all consonants were allowed, but were restricted based on the consonant that followed. At the end of a word, p m s l r f v z b were allowed. Then the following changes occurred:

1.   Double nasals were reduced to singles.
2.   The vowel ə either disappeared or became i or o (governed by the surrounding phonemes).
3.   The fricative z disappeared in all positions, except in a few words where it remained as d. Meanwhile the fricative v changed to d in all positions, except in a few words where it disappeared. These irregularities are explained by an early irregular stage of the sound change where z and v changed places in a few words.
4.   Unstressed cliticized prefixes were dropped from the language or phonologically incorporated into the following word by dropping the vowel, even when this created a previously forbidden consonant cluster.
5.   The velar stops k g changed to the fricatives š ž in all positions. Before back vowels, they were usually pronounced as velar fricatives.
6.   The fricative f changed to p in initial position and s elsewhere. This stage, reached around 2000 BC, is considered to be the classical stage of Old Pabappa, also called Pespimbesa.
7.   The labiovelar stops kw and gw changed to the bilabial stops p and b in all positions.
8.   The single bilabial stop p became the geminate pp when following a voiceless consonant plus a vowel.
9.   The postalveolar fricatives ž and š became the labiodental fricatives v and f in all positions.
10.   Unstressed initial pu- changed to purp- before a vowel, where -rp- is a hypercorrection of the epenthetic r that had appeared near the earliest stages of the language. pu-p- and pu-w- became w-. pu-b- became pu-br-. pu-t- became pu-d-.
11.   In initial position, the clusters sp st ps coalesced s. sl survived, but only in one native word; the others were all either loans or proper names.
12.   The voiced stops b and d became the voiceless stops p and t in all positions.
13.   Non-labial final consonants were replaced with labials in most words. Final b became p.
14.   Final e disappeared, even after consonant clusters, except in monosyllabic words and some suffixes. This created new consonant clusters in agglutinative forms of words and in compounds. Sporadically, monosyllabic words that had ended in e got a new -sse suffix which caused the original e to be retained; this happened to other monosyllabic vowel-final words too.
15.   Before a nasal, p s t n assimilated completely.
16.   Clusters of a nonlabial stop followed by a labial stop were resolved in favor of the nonlabial one.
17.   In some words, final o and i were lowered to a and e. This is considered to be the classical stage of Middle Pabappa.
18.   The sequence aw changed to o before any nonrounded vowel. ow and uw became o and u.
19.   The clusters tl and ttl both changed to rpl.
20.   The sequence sr became spr. lr became rr. Any other nonlabial consonant before r became labial. Then mr changed to mpr.
21.   Clusters of a nasal followed by any other consonant of differing point of articulation were assimilated in favor of the point of articulation of the second consonant.
22.   ml became mpl.
23.   The voiceless labiodental fricative f changed to w in initial position.
24.   h changed to 0 in all positions.
25.   Initial pw became w.
26.   Intervocalic voiceless stops became voiced. The cluster pl became bl in all positions; pr became b in word-initial position, and br elsewhere.
27.   The geminate stops pp and tt became p and t in all positions. Meanwhile ss became s.
28.   The cluster sp became ss. Most suffixes that had formerly begun with p were now considered to begin with b, but this b was realized as b only after a vowel or a bilabial consonant; elsewhere the consonant disappeared or, in the case of t and d, doubled the preceding consonant. After p, which would normally be omitted, the suffix came to begin with p.
29.   Initial v became f.
30.   The labiodental fricatives f and v became the bilabial stops p and b in all positions.

Proto-Bloppabop to Neo-Eibneiketian (2000 BC)

Ukieipi was the language spoken in the city of Beni-Iubaia (earlier Iūni-Iubāia) around 8000 BC. It evolved into a language called Iaubiai within about 1000 years, and then further into Izda Mir by 4000 BC.

1.   Double nasals were reduced to singles.
2.   The vowel ə either disappeared or became i or o (governed by the surrounding phonemes).
3.   The fricative f changed to p in initial position and s elsewhere.
4.   The clusters pl pr pw kw merged as pʷ; bl br bw gw merged as bʷ.
5.   All other consonants became labial when occurring before a w.
6.   All stops became labials.
7.   The labial stops p b shifted to t d in all positions. This did not affect the rounded labials.
8.   The rounded labials pʷ bʷ became the plain labials p b in all positions.
9.   The voiceless fricative h disappeared.

Proto-Bloppabop to Tenthodian (2000 AD)

Ukieipi was the language spoken in the city of Beni-Iubaia (earlier Iūni-Iubāia) around 8000 BC. It evolved into a language called Iaubiai within about 1000 years, and then further into Izda Mir by 4000 BC.

1.   Double nasals were reduced to singles.
2.   The vowel ə either disappeared or became i or o (governed by the surrounding phonemes).
3.   The fricative f changed to p in initial position and s elsewhere.

Proto-Bloppabop to Tarpabappa (2000 AD)

1.   The dental fricatives ṣ ẓ (spelled f v) became the dental stops ṭ ḍ after consonants and at the beginnings and ends of words.
2.   The clusters ps bḍ bz became f v v in all positions.
3.   The clusters pt mpt changed into tt nt in all positions.
4.   The alveolar fricative z disappeared in initial position.
5.   The vowel ə disappeared, even in accented position, if its disappearance allowed a permissible consonant cluster (under the new Moonshine-influenced rules). Elsewhere it became one of a e i o u, depending on environment.
6.   The dental fricatives ṣ ẓ became the alveolar fricatives s z in all positions.
7.   The alveolar stop t became dental, merging with ṭ. The stops were still spelled with the letters for the dentals, and this practice began to spread even to Bloppabop languages which had only alveolar stops and no dentals. However they are henceforth spelled t d.
8.   The consonant r in coda position became a schwa, except after a, where it became w (spelled u).
9.   The segments pr br became f v in all positions.
10.   The consonant l in coda position became j after a o u, but after e i it became w (spelled u).
11.   The segments pl bl became sl zl in all positions.
12.   The consonant clusters žb šp changed to žž šš.
13.   Voiced stops in word-initial position became voiceless unless the onset of the next syllable in the word was voiced.
14.   Doubled consonants not at the end of an accented syllable became singles.
15.  

Ižda Mir to Standard East Camian (2000 AD)

1.   The bilabials p b m changed to h x ŋ between vowels if the preceding or following syllable contained another bilabial. Double labials in this situation became single.
2.   The dental stop t became the dental fricative ṣ, which later merged with s.
3.   The affricates tš dž became t d, except when adjacent to front vowels, in which case they remained.
4.   The plain velar stops k g became the postalveolar affricates tš dž in all positions (but not when before w).
5.   The sequences kw gw pw bw became k g p b in all positions.
6.   Any l not in a cluster or at the end of a word changed to j.
7.   The sequences pr br pl bl became p b l l in all positions.
8.   Certain affricates were simplified: pf and bv changed to simple f and v without any effect on the preceding vowel; ts and dz (the latter present only in loans) became s and z. tš and dž became š and ž.
9.   Any l or r occurring after a consonant changed to w.
10.   In bisyllabic roots, if the vowel in the second syllable was rounded, the vowels in the first syllable changed from /a e i o u y/ to /â u ü ô ü u/. If the vowel in the second syllable was /i/, then /o u/ in the first syllable changed to /oj uj/.
11.   The consonant clusters žb and šp changed to ž and š respectively.
12.   Syllable-final consonants were deleted or assimilated: p s š f assimilated to the following consonant, or merged as p (allophonically a glottal stop) when in absolute final position. Syllable-final m nasalized the preceding vowel and then disappeared. b v ž lengthened the preceding vowel and then assimilated to the following consonant. l r became w.
13.   Before front vowels, the alveolar stops t d became č ǯ, which were not considered clusters.
14.   Unstressed e and o became i and u respectively.
15.   Moonshine loans introduced ř.
16.   The long vowels ē ō split apart into aj aw.
17.   The vowel spelled u became a high mid vowel, but there was no change in spelling.
18.   The labiodental fricatives f v became h x in word-initial position before a back vowel and between a back vowel and another vowel of any type.
19.   In clusters the labiodental fricatives f v became p b.
20.   Nasal vowels became long.
21.   Before the front vowels e i û, the velar stops k and g were fronted to the postalveolar affricates č and ǯ, which were considered single phonemes rather than clusters.
22.   At the end of a closed syllable the bilabial stop b came to be pronounced as /ə/, with a common allophone of [w]; however there was no change in the native spelling.
23.   At the end of a closed syllable the bilabial stop p came to be pronounced as [ʔ], however there was no change in the native spelling. That is, the ligatures of vowel + p, which are transliterated with grave accents, continued to be used.
24.   The labiodental fricatives f v became the bilabial stops p b in all positions, although at the end of a few words they disappeared completely. They were spelled with the letters for the "hard" p b because in some writings the letters for the ordinary p b were used for /? ə/.
25.   The lax/tense distinction in vowels disappeared, leaving vowel quality alone to distinguish them and meaning that glottal stops after certain vowels were no longer pronounced. However, the changes that the earlier system had inflicted on the consonants still remained.
26.   In some idiolects, a religious taboo forbade the pronunciation of the phonemes k g except when used for the names of the forces of good and evil; in other contexts they shifted to /q G/. Soon most speakers began to merge the new q G phonemes with h x.
27.   Unstressed u became a true schwa. The script was now written with u as the inherent vowel (previously it was schwa).
28.   Letters with inherent vowels sometimes appeared as the onset of a stressed syllable (mostly in Bloppabop loans, but in a few native words also). Previously the u ones were pronounced with /w/, but that disappeared, and as it did so the ones with a became velarised and in some cases (especially velars) also labialized.

East Camian now had the consonants p b š ž m w t d s z n j c ʒ č ǯ k g h x ŋ r l ř and the vowels /ə i e ɛ a ʌ ɑ o u y/, which were spelled in a variety of ways, as the script was not yet standardized. (The most common native script system used letters corresponding to what in other alphabets are generally transliterated u i ì e è o a â ô û, but this system is cumbersome and misleading, so other systems are often used. Moreover, the native language itself did not have a fixed spelling system yet.)


29.   The labialized velar consonants kʷ gʷ hʷ xʷ ŋʷ rʷ shifted to p b f v m w before vowels.
30.   The palatalized velar consonants kʲ gʲ hʲ xʲ ŋʲ rʲ shifted to č ǯ š ž ñ j before vowels.
31.   Velarized alveolars became retros.
 

Ukieipi to Classical Moonshine (3700 BC)

Moonshine inherited the phonology of a dialect of Ukieipi consisting of the consonants p m f b w t n s k ŋ š ž j and the vowels a i u ə, the last of which was a schwa. Unlike the dialect that produced Bloppabop, the consonants k ŋ were true velars. Of the consonants, all except b w ž j could be followed by a semivowel w or j, when occurring at the beginning of a syllable. At the end of a syllable, only p m w s j could occur. From this state the following sound changes occurred:

1.   At the end of a syllable, ɣ disappeared and changed the previous vowel to a high tone. It also voiced the following consonant. No new consonants arose from this change, but some voiced ones now became less restricted in their distribution.
2.   The bilabial approximant w changed to v before a vowel.
3.   Then l became w in all positions, although it had an allophone as a voiced uvular fricative before vowels.
4.   Sequences of two vowels in which the first vowel was i or u became rising diphthongs. Then all clusters of consonant + semivowel came to be pronounced as coarticulated single consonants. Thus pua became pʷa, pia became pʲa, and so on.
5.   The voiced labialized fricatives vʷ zʷ ɣʷ coalesced as w between vowels.
6.   The voiced palatalized fricatives vʲ zʲ ɣʲ coalesced as j between vowels.
7.   The voiced fricative v changed to w between vowels.
8.   The voiced labialized stops bʷ dʷ ǯʷ gʷ changed to b between vowels.
9.   The voiced palatalized stops bʲ dʲ ǯʲ gʲ changed to ǯ between vowels.
10.   The voiced stops b d ǯ g changed to β ð ž ɣ between vowels.
11.   The voiced fricatives ð z ɣ became silent between vowels and occasionally in initial position (due to compounding). However, in many words the fricatives later reappeared as voiced stops due to analogy (e.g. via, locative vinta; later vida, vida).
12.   Sequences of a nasal plus a voiceless stop changed into a voiced stop at the same POA. The preceding vowel became long.
13.   Voiceless stops changed to voiced stops between vowels unless a voiceless sound began the previous syllable.
14.   s and ʔ before a stop disappeared; the s lengthened the preceding vowel.
15.   The velar stops k ŋ changed to the glottals ʔ ~ in final position. These came to be considered as allophones of p m rather than k ŋ because of the orthographical influence of the still-intelligible Ižda Mir, where they were now pronounced as those sounds.
16.   The palatalized postalveolar consonants čʲ ǯʲ were depalatalized.
17.   The labialized postalveolars čʷ ǯʷ became kʷ gʷ.
18.   The palatalized velar consonants hʲ ɣʲ kʲ ŋʲ gʲ became š ž č ñ ǯ in all positions.
19.   The uvular r became the alveolar trill ř.
20.   The consonants wʷ, wʲ, jʷ, and jʲ, which had arisen through grammatical reanalyses, shifted to r, ř, ř, and l respectively.
21.   Before u, w became a uvular r.
22.   Before i, j became l.
23.   Unstressed prefixes beginning with h or ɣ became silent and affected the voicing of the consonant that followed. Thus voiceless nasals were created. (ř could not at this time occur word-initially.)
24.   The velar consonants h ɣ became the postalveolars š ž before the vowel i (which at this time was the only front vowel in the language).
25.   The parent language u vowel was lowered to o. The diphthong uu became ou and ui became oi.
26.   Certain vowel sequences separated by v lost it and lengthened the first vowel: iva ova ava became īa ōa ā. Meanwhile ivo ovo avo became īo ō ō and ivi ovi avi changed to ī ē ē. ivə ovə avə became ū ō ā. Sequences of this type that began with schwa remained, except for əvə which went to ə̄.
27.   All diphthongs were monophthongized. The parent language au became ō, which had been its dominant allophone for quite a long time.
28.   ou became ō,
29.   oi and iu merged as ū.
30.   Meanwhile ai became ē,
31.   əi became e,
32.   and əu became u.
33.   The long schwa ə̄ became a normal schwa ə in all positions.
34.   Labialized consonants were delabialized before back vowels.
35.   The labialized consonants tʷ dʷ nʷ sʷ shifted to kʷ gʷ ŋʷ hʷ before a à ā á and schwa.
    The Moonshine language at this point had the consonants /p b m w f pʲ mʲ t n s tʲ nʲ sʲ č ñ š ž j k ŋ h ɣ kʷ ŋʷ hʷ/ and the vowels /a ā e ē i ī o ō u ū ə/.
36.   The cluster khʷ became a simple kʷ in all positions.
37.   Clusters of any consonant plus a nasal simplified to single consonants: n disappeared and lengthened the previous vowel; s made the nasal voiceless, disappeared and lengthened the previous vowel; ʔ disappeared and raised the tone of the previous vowel.
38.   Syllable-final ʔ n s were grammatically analogized to the consonants k ŋ h between two of the same vowel, which then became ʔ n s and deleted the final vowel.
39.   A schwa following another vowel disappeared and made that vowel a long vowel.
40.   Unaccented short schwas were lost. Because the language had a very active compounding system, this shift led to a steep increase in the number of types of allowable consonant clusters, as well as new consonants allowed in final position.
41.   Syllable-final s after a vowel disappeared and made the preceding consonant voiceless and aspirated.
42.   Syllable-final s after a consonant disappeared and made that consonant into an alveolar.
43.   Unaccented e and o became a, often spelled as schwa.
44.   Unaccented i and u came to spelled as palatalized/labialized consonants followed by a schwa, which had merged in with these. Thus the old glyphs for coarticulated consonants were revived, and stress was no longer fixed on the first syllable of the word even when the first vowel in the word wasn't a schwa. There was now only one orthographic unaccented vowel in the language: the schwa, which was now often unwritten. Unaccented i and u were written as part of the preceding consonant (the syllable was always open). Consonant clusters simplified according to the following rules:
45.   Labialized consonants (kʷ ŋʷ hʷ) in final position (or at the beginning of a cluster) became plain and added a w glide to the preceding vowel.
46.   Palatalized consonants (pʲ mʲ tʲ nʲ sʲ č ñ š ž) in final position or at the beginning of a cluster became plain and added a j glide to the preceding vowel.
47.   Doubled consonants simplified to singles and caused the tone of the preceding vowel to become high.
48.   Any consonant before a nasal disappeared and lengthened the preceding vowel. If the sound had been voiceless, it caused the tone of the preceding vowel to become high. If it had been voiced, it caused the tone of the preceding vowel to become low.
49.   Any remaining ʷ trapped between consonants became u.
50.   Any remaining ʲ trapped between consonants became i.
51.   φ and β changed to w.
52.   Aspirated consonants became voiceless.
53.   In unaccented syllables, all vowels became short.
54.   Nonpalatalized alveolar consonants became velarized (not shown in the orthography).
    The Moonshine language at this point had the consonants
    

    p	b	f		m	mʰ	w
    pʲ				mʲ	mʲʰ
    t	d	s	z	n	nʰ
    tʲ		sʲ		nʲ	nʲʰ
    č		š	ž	ñ	ñʰ	j
    k		h	ɣ	ŋ	ŋʰ
    ʔ

    
    and the vowels /a ā e ē i ī o ō u ū ə/.
55.   An old method of deriving verbs from nouns by truncating the word after the first vowel, and lengthening that vowel if there was any missing info began to take over now. Although this was not a true sound change, it affected the general language more than any of the sound changes on the list.
    
56.   o ò changed to schwa in unaccented position and a in accented position.
57.   ō ó changed to o ò.
58.   The vowel sequences aj ej ij oj uj became ē i ī i ī respectively.
59.   The vowel sequences aw ew iw ow uw became ō u ū u ū respectively.
60.   The consonant cluster řp became lp in all positions.
61.   Following an accented syllable in a word of three or more syllables, all vowels became schwa.
62.   Following an accented syllable in a word of two syllables or less, the consonant sequences ts ns ss changed to `ts z s respectively.
63.   Following an accented syllable in word-final position, the syllables ka ke ki ko ku became ʔ ʔč ʔč ʔt ʔt. Before another consonant, they all became ʔ.
64.   All consonant clusters except those beginning with s became homorganic; the s- clusters did not retain any distinction based on point of articulation but instead shifted the s- to š except before another s.
65.   The cluster sw (spelled sbʷ) became a bilabial v in all positions.
66.   sb shifted to žb.
67.   Before front vowels, k g ŋ shifted to č ǯ ñ.
68.   Between two unstressed vowels, all labial consonants except rounded bilabials disappeared unless a string of three vowels would be created.
69.   Before a vowel, unaccented ə changed to u, which then shifted to the labial glide w in syllable-initial position and otherwise created a labialized consonant.
70.   Before a vowel, unaccented a changed to i ("the karaoke shift"), which then shifted to the palatal glide j in syllable-initial position and otherwise created a palatalized consonant. Like the new labialized consonants, palatalized consonants could occur only before a vowel, but in orthography they could occur before other consonants because they were used to denote whole unstressed syllables. However, the only vowel allowed in these unstressed syllables was the epenthetic schwa, and during the following sound changes this schwa often disappeared.
71.   The labials pʲ bʲ mʲ became the labiodentals ṗ ḅ ṃ in all positions.
72.   The dentals fʲ vʲ changed to f v before vowels, but to fĭ vĭ elsewhere.
73.   The alveolars tʲ dʲ sʲ zʲ nʲ became the dentals ṭ ḍ ṣ ẓ ṇ in all positions. lʲ became j and řʲ became ř.
74.   The dorsals kʲ hʲ rʲ became the palatals č š j in all positions.
75.   The labialized postalveolar consonants čʷ ǯʷ šʷ žʷ ñʷ became delabialized.
76.   The palatal consonants č ǯ š ž ñ became c ʒ s z n in all positions.
77.   The rounded labials pʷ bʷ mʷ fʷ vʷ became the plain labials pŭ bŭ mŭ fŭ vŭ before a consonant.
78.   The labialized alveolars tʷ dʷ sʷ zʷ nʷ řʷ became plain alveolars t d s z n ř in all positions.
79.   Before a vowel, lʷ became w, but elsewhere it changed to lŭ.
     
80.   The dorsals kʷ hʷ rʷ became w before a consonant, while also lengthening the preceding vowel.
    
81.   The labiodentals ṗ ḅ ṃʰ ṃ and the dentals ṭ ḍ ṇʰ ṇ became c ʒ ns nz in word-final position.
82.   The dentals ṗ ḅ ṃʰ ṃ ṭ ḍ ṇʰ ṇ became the affricates pf bv mf mv tṣ dẓ nṣ nẓ, but there was no change in spelling.
83.   The affricates pf bv mf mv tṣ dẓ nṣ nẓ became f v f v ṣ ẓ ṣ ẓ in initial position and after a consonant.
84.   Epenthetic schwas after previously labialized and palatalized consonants disappeared.
85.   Nasals disappeared before a fricative.
86.   The affricates mbʷ mb mḅ nḍ nd nǯ ŋg shifted to bʷ b ḅ ẓ ʒ ǯ g in all positions. If the preceding vowel had been long, it became short.
87.   The affricates mpʷ mp mṗ nṭ nt nč ŋk shifted to pʷ p ṗ ẓ ʒ ǯ g in all positions. If the preceding vowel had been long, it became short.
88.   Unstressed ər shifted to o.
89.   š before a nasal changed to ž and the nasal changed into a voiced stop.
90.   The velar stops k g were fronted to č ǯ unless they occurred in a cluster after another consonant and before a o u.
91.   Labialization was lost on all consonants.
92.   The clusters šb and bš were devoiced to šp and pš respectively.
93.   The clusters žp and pž became žb and bž respectively.
94.   Velar stops in accented syllables before another syllable beginning in a velar were fronted to postalveolar affricates before front vowels, and otherwise to alveolar stops.
95.   Alveolar stops in accented syllables before another syllable beginning in an alveolar became postalveolar affricates.
96.   A bilabial sound in an accented syllable before a syllable beginning in a labiodental sound became labiodental. A labiodental sound in an accented syllable before a syllable beginning in a bilabial became bilabial.
    The Moonshine language at this point had the consonants

    
    

    p	b	fʷ	vʷ	m	mʰ	w
    ṗ	ḅ	f	v	ṃ	ṃʰ
    t	d	s	z	n	nʰ
    ṭ	ḍ	ṣ	ẓ	ṇ	ṇʰ
    č	ǯ	š	ž	ñ	ñʰ	j
    k	g	h	ɣ	ŋ	ŋʰ
    ʔ

    
    and the vowels /a ā e ē i ī o ō u ū ə/.
    
    The alphabet now consisted of the consonants /p b ṗ ḅ f v m mʰ w t ṭ d ḍ s z ṣ ẓ n nʰ š ž k g ŋ ŋʰ h x l ř j r/ and the vowels /a e i o u ə ā ē ī ō ū ə̄ à è ì ò ù ə̀ á é í ó ú ə́/. This is considered to be the state of classical Moonshine, also known as Rúló.